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Phonology

导言

under the guideline of 'all turn to english'. I try to learn a hongkai song . I retouch some terms like weak form

According to the answer on zhihu

phonetic symbol 音标

Many students have problems with the pronunciation of sounds in particular words. One issue is that English is not a phonetic language, so looking at the written word will often not help the students when it comes to speaking and pronunciation.1

e.g, said /sed/哎, side /saɪd/爱

phonemic chart/alphabet

You can download British English or Americian English interactive phonemic chart. It is extremely useful here as it gives clear audio examples of the English phoneme set.

How to open flash-based file

Using ruffle2 to open the .swf whatever google extension or windows exe.

Starting off /stɑ:tɪŋ ɒf/

There are 44 phonemes (1) in ‘standard’ English. These are broken down into 12 vowel sounds, eight diphthongs(2) and 24 consonants

  1. see the Glossary at the end of the article for definitions of some of the key terminology used
  2. 双元音

New symbols

Repeat and practise such as /θ/, /ð/, /ʧ/, /ʤ/, /ʃ/, /Ʒ/ and /ŋ/.

Moving on to vowels

mouth & lips

The sounds depicted by the symbols on the far left are produced at the front of your mouth. The lips are usually wide, i.e. /i:/ is made with your lips almost in a smile. Try getting the students to say /ʧi:z/ (cheese) or /pli:z/ (please).

The sounds on the far right are made at the back of your mouth and require your lips to be narrow (or pursed(1)), i.e. /tu:/ (two). { .annotate }

  1. 撅起

time

You might also want to point out that the /:/ after a symbol indicates that the sound is long, i.e. /i:/ is long and /ɪ/ is short. You can almost glide from one sound to the next simply by adjusting your lips.

the layout of the chart

Now, have a look at what happens to the sounds if you move from the top row down to the third row, i.e. from /i:/ to /e/ and then to /æ/. Again, say each sound and get the students to repeat. What do they notice about the shape of their mouth? The lips are spread wide, but at the start the lips are close together. As you move down the mouth opens wider (downwards). You could repeat this with any set of vowels in the same column, i.e. /ʊ/, /ɜ:/ and /ɑ:/, and the same thing will happen. Thus, the layout of the chart gives a visual representation of how and where the sound is produced in the mouth to help the students articulate each one correctly.

Dipthongs

TODO:

验证与纠错

  1. gpt-4 or plus have a communication mode
  2. chatgpt in ipad. is the best
  3. newbing(GPT-4)

弱化、连读

pronounced as one continuous sound 连读：

  1. We don't know if~>none of it's possible, but we're chipping away at that problem.
  2. His vision of the future is one where human and machine cooperate,
  3. it's a common practice to blend prepositions with nouns to achieve a smoother
    1. what happens if we actually tried to bring those characters to life,
    2. and the best way to achieve that, he thinks,
    3. a baby modeled after his own daughter

special pronounce

  1. muscular /kj/
  2. suspicion /p/ or /b/?

参考文献

  1. Pronunciation matters: Using the phonemic chart ↩

  2. https://ruffle.rs/#downloads ↩

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